| Biology 449 - Animal Physiology | Fall 2005 |
Fill in your scantron form as follows. This is worth 1˝ points:
· Write and bubble in your name in the upper left (last name first).
· Follow any additional instructions provided in class.
· Sign your form in the upper right.
Multiple choice: As always, choose the best answer for each multiple-choice question. Answer on your scantron form. Each question is worth 2˝ points.
1. Into which of the following categories does glycogen fall?
a. Disaccharides
b. Monosaccharides
c. Proteins
d. Starches
e. Triglycerides
2. Food passing from the lumen of the gut, through the epithelial cells and into the bloodstream is undergoing
a. absorption.
b. digestion.
c. mastication.
d. motility.
e. peristalsis.
3. Which of the following types of food will be at least partially digested before they reach the small intestine?
a. Fats
b. Proteins
c. Starches
d. Two of the above
e. All of the above
4. During the formation of large amounts of hydrochloric acid for secretion into the stomach, extracellular fluid (including blood) will show an increase in the concentration of
a. Cl-.
b. H+.
c. HCO3-.
d. Na+.
e. carbonic anhydrase.
5. The presence of villi and microvilli in the small intestine is important mainly because
a. they help increase the total surface area.
b. they help to physically separate digestible and non-digestible material.
c. they help to trap food particles.
d. they serve to mix the chyme.
e. they secrete proteases.
6. After a day of fasting, levels of gastrin in the blood should be low primarily because
a. the stomach is empty.
b. the small intestine does not contain acidic chyme.
c. the small intestine does not contain fats and proteins.
d. water is no longer being absorbed in large amounts.
e. blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract is reduced.
7. If bile salts were not present in the small intestine, the primary effect would be that
a. there would be no trigger for the release of lipases.
b. lipases would not be activated.
c. lipases could not effectively attack fats.
d. fatty acids could not be absorbed by the epithelium.
e. chylomicrons could not be formed.
8. Which of the following relaxes reflexively as the result of a mass movement in the gastrointestinal tract?
a. The external anal sphincter.
b. The internal anal sphincter.
c. The pancreatic sphincter.
d. The pyloric sphincter.
e. The sphincter of Oddi.
9. The amount of energy stored as carbohydrate by most humans would provide enough fuel to run the body (at the minimal metabolic rate) for about
a. one hour.
b. four hours.
c. one day.
d. one week.
e. one month.
10. Neuropeptide Y is a chemical messenger that
a. increases metabolic rate.
b. promotes the metabolism of fat rather than glucose.
c. provides information on the fat content of the body.
d. stimulates appetite.
e. inhibits the response to leptin.
11. The hollow space at the core of the kidney that the collecting ducts drain into is known as the
a. renal cortex.
b. renal medulla.
c. renal pelvis.
d. ureter.
e. urinary bladder.
12. If the concentration of Cl- in the plasma is 100 mM, then the concentration of Cl- in the fluid entering Bowman’s capsule in a nephron should be
a. 0 mM.
b. more than 0 but significantly less than 100 mM.
c. about 100 mM.
d. significantly more than 100 mM.
e. It is impossible to estimate what the concentration of Cl- would be.
13. One example of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed from the urine is
a. glucose.
b. sodium.
c. urea.
d. water.
e. More than one of the above.
14. The reabsorption of water in the collecting duct involves movement of the water
a. directly through the lipid bilayer of the epithelial cells.
b. through aquaporins inserted into the epithelial cell membrane.
c. through the tight junctions of the epithelial cells.
d. through small gaps between the epithelial cells.
e. Water does not get reabsorbed from the collecting duct.
15. If the osmolarity of the blood drops significantly below normal, which of the following patterns would be expected?
a. Low levels of ADH release and the formation of a concentrated urine.
b. Low levels of ADH release and the formation of a dilute urine.
c. Intermediate levels of ADH release and the formation of a urine of intermediate concentration.
d. High levels of ADH release and the formation of a concentrated urine.
e. High levels of ADH release and the formation of a dilute urine.
16. Over the normal range of blood pressure changes experienced by a healthy person
a. glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to blood pressure because the higher pressure drives more blood flows through the glomeruli.
b. glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to blood pressure because the afferent arterioles dilate more as blood pressure increases.
c. glomerular filtration rate is approximately constant because filtration is not driven by blood pressure.
d. glomerular filtration rate is approximately constant because the afferent arterioles constrict more as blood pressure increases.
e. glomerular filtration rate is inversely proportional to blood pressure because the afferent arterioles constrict exponentially as blood pressure increases.
17. A loss of blood volume ultimately leads to a drop in mean arterial pressure. Which of the following is an incorrect component in the chain of events that explains this relationship?
a. A drop in blood volume leads to…
b. a drop in central venous pressure leads, which leads to…
c. a drop in the venous return of blood to the heart, which leads to…
d. a drop in ventricular volume at the start of systole, which leads to…
e. an increase in stroke volume, which leads to…
f. a drop in mean arterial pressure.
18. Which of the following would not be expected to increase following a blood loss?
a. Anti-diuretic hormone levels
b. Renin levels.
c. Aldosterone levels.
d. Atrial natriuretic factor levels.
e. Thirst.
19. If you examined the urine of a person experiencing a metabolic alkalosis, you would expect to see
a. lower then normal levels of bicarbonate ions.
b. normal levels of bicarbonate ions.
c. higher than normal level of bicarbonate ions.
d. Urine never contains bicarbonate ions.
e. It is not possible to experience a metabolic alkalosis.
20. If a person shows higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in her alveoli and has blood with a pH of 7.1, she is most likely suffering from
a. metabolic acidosis.
b. metabolic alkalosis.
c. respiratory acidosis.
d. respiratory alkalosis.
e. avian flu.
21. In human males, erection of the penis involves
a. vasodilation of arterioles entering the penis.
b. physical constriction of the veins draining the penis.
c. contraction of the erector magister muscle.
d. Two of the above.
e. All of the above.
22. The process of meiosis is fully completed in mammalian oocytes
a. prior to the birth of the female.
b. during puberty.
c. during follicular development.
d. at ovulation.
e. at fertilization.
23. In human females, estrogen levels rise during the mid-follicular phase (around day 7 of the menstrual cycle) because
a. levels of inhibin are decreasing.
b. chorionic gonadotropin levels are increasing.
c. follicle-stimulating hormone levels are spiking.
d. the cycle has reached the positive feedback stage.
e. the granulosa cells are proliferating.
24. During the follicular phase, the androgens that are converted into estrogen are produced by the
a. anterior pituitary.
b. corpus luteum.
c. granulosa cells.
d. oocytes.
e. theca cells.
25. In human females, cervical mucus is normally thinnest around which day of the menstrual cycle?
a. Day 1
b. Day 7
c. Day 14
d. Day 21
e. Cervical mucus thins only during pregnancy.
Short answer: Write a concise answer to each of the following questions. Your answers should fit in the spaces provided and should address only the question asked. Diagrams must be accompanied by written explanations. Each question is worth 6 points.
26.
While snacking on leftover food from an abandoned buffet in the
Hixson-Lied atrium, you ingest some bacteria that release a chemical that
blocks secretin receptors. In other words, secretin no longer has any effect
on target tissues. What might some of the effects of this unfortunate
occurrence be on the contents and activity of the upper GI tract, and on
secretin levels in the blood?
27. Consider a glucose molecule entering the bloodstream in the capillaries of the small intestines. What possible fates might this molecule have? It may be helpful to think about the various organs and tissues we discussed in the context of the absorptive and post-absorptive state.
28. In the following diagram of the nephron, please indicate clearly for each major region where and in what direction:
a. water is moving in or out of the nephron.
b. Na+ is diffusing.
c. Na+ is being actively transported.
Also indicate the approximate concentration of the fluid inside and outside the nephron in each region. Assume that the person is dehydrated. You do not need to indicate what is occurring in the distal tubule.
29. Using a flow chart or a list of events, describe the hormonal pathway involved in the release of aldosterone. Be sure to indicate what triggers the release of each compound in the pathway (when appropriate), and what each compound’s effects are. Also indicate which substances are hormones and which are enzymes.
30.
Describe process by which semen is formed during emission, including in
your discussion all the relevant anatomical elements and the components that
make up the semen.
31. List the important effects of the high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy.