Midterm 3

Multiple choice: As always, choose the best answer for each multiple-choice question.  Answer on your scantron form.  Each question (except #1) is worth 3 points.

1. Fill in your scantron form as follows:  (1 point)
   • Write in your name in the upper left (last name first) and bubble it in.
   • If you wish to retrieve your exam score through the course web site and did not give me a PIN previously, write and bubble in a secret code (i.e. a PIN or password) in the “Special Codes” section.  Be sure you remember it!
   • Sign your form in the upper right.
      
   1. Done and done.
   2.  – e.  I swear I studied my name, but all I can remember right now is it starts with an “m” (I think) so I can’t fill in this part.
       
2. Glycogen is an example of a(n)
   1. simple carbohydrate.
   2. complex carbohydrate.
   3. triglyceride.
   4. amino acid.
   5. polypeptide.
       
3. Which of the following releases the mucus that lines the stomach?
   1. Chief cells
   2. Gastric cells
   3. Parietal cells
   4. Mucoid cells
   5. Goblet cells
       
4. Gastrin is most properly considered
   1. an autocrine agent.
   2. a paracrine agent.
   3. a hormone.
   4. a neurotransmitter.
   5. an afferent pathway.
       
5. Which of the following is (are) not released by the pancreas?
   1. Bicarbonate ions.
   2. Proteases.
   3. Lipases.
   4. Amylase.
   5. All of the above are released by the pancreas.
       
6. The breakdown of fats in the small intestine requires which of the following?
   1. Amylase alone.
   2. Bile salts and amylase.
   3. Lipases alone.
   4. Lipases and bile salts.
   5. Bile salts alone.
       
7. The liver is involved in all of the following processes except
   1. the digestion of proteins.
   2. the digestion of fats.
   3. the storage of carbohydrates.
   4. the conversion of carbohydrates into fats.
   5. the deactivation of toxic compounds.
       
8. In humans, most energy is stored for later use in the form of
   1. glucose.
   2. glycogen.
   3. proteins.
   4. fats.
   5. ATP.
       
9. Which of the following is not typical of the absorptive state?
   1. Increased levels of blood glucose.
   2. Increased release of glucose from the liver.
   3. Increased levels of blood insulin.
   4. Increased use of glucose by most cells.
   5. Decreased levels of blood glucagon.
       
10. Urine leaving the collecting tubule would pass through the following structures in what order?
    1. ureter, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra
    2. renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
    3. renal pelvis, urethra, urinary bladder, ureter
    4. urethra, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, ureter
    5. urethra, urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureter
        
11. The approximate rate of glomerular filtration in all nephrons combined is about
    1. 1000 ml/min
    2. 100 ml/min
    3. 10 ml/min
    4. 1 ml/min
    5. 0.1 ml/min
        
12. The reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule of the nephron occurs because
    1. high hydrostatic pressure in the tubule forces water out.
    2. ADH makes the tubule permeable to water.
    3. urea has a relatively high concentration in the tubule.
    4. the transport of solutes out of the tubule creates an osmotic gradient.
    5. the tubule passes through the hyperosmotic renal medulla.
        
13. If a person had a developmental anomaly that caused his nephrons to lack loops of Henle, which of the following would be most likely?
    1. The person’s glomerular filtration rate would be increased.
    2. The person would be unable to reabsorb glucose from the urine.
    3. Aldosterone would have no effect in this person.
    4. The person would be unable to create a hyperosmotic urine.
    5. There would be increased counter-current multiplication.
        
14. The direct effect of renin is to
    1. convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
    2. convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
    3. promote the release of aldosterone.
    4. promote the reabsorption of sodium.
    5. promote vasoconstriction.
        
15. Atrial natriuretic factor
    1. is released when blood pressure is high.
    2. inhibits the effects of ADH.
    3. inhibits the effects of aldosterone.
    4. Two of the above.
    5. All of the above.
        
16. Someone suffering an asthma attack (in which alveolar ventilation is restricted) would likely exhibit
    1. respiratory acidosis.
    2. respiratory alkalosis.
    3. metabolic acidosis.
    4. metabolic alkalosis.
    5. Two of the above.
        
17. In the male fetus, the SRY gene product is directly responsible for
    1. the development of the “protogonads” into testes.
    2. the regression of the Müllerian ducts.
    3. the development of the Wolffian ducts.
    4. the activation of Sertoli cells.
    5. the activation of Leydig cells.
        
18. Testosterone and other androgens
    1. are found only in men.
    2. are found in higher concentrations in men than women.
    3. are found in equal concentrations in men and women.
    4. are found in higher concentrations in women than men.
    5. are found only in women.
        
19. In order for Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis in adult males, these cells must themselves be stimulated by
    1. follicle stimulating hormone.
    2. luteinizing hormone.
    3. testosterone.
    4. Two of the above.
    5. All of the above.
        
20. Reproductive structures that contribute material to the formation of semen include all of the following except the
    1. testes.
    2. seminal vesicle.
    3. ejaculatory duct.
    4. prostate gland.
    5. All of the above contribute to the semen.
        
21. The arterioles that supply the erectile tissue of the penis are unusual in that
    1. they are incapable of dilation or constriction.
    2. they are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
    3. they become constricted then the erectile tissue begins to fill with blood.
    4. they are part of a portal system.
    5. There are no arterioles supplying the erectile tissue.
        
22. During the early to mid follicular phase of the female reproductive cycle, the direct effect of inhibin is to
    1. inhibit the release of follicle stimulating hormone.
    2. inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone.
    3. inhibit ovulation.
    4. inhibit endometrial proliferation.
    5. inhibit uterine contractions.
        
23. The primary source of progesterone during the reproductive cycle of a non-pregnant female is (are) the
    1. granulosa cells.
    2. theca cells.
    3. corpus luteum.
    4. pituitary.
    5. hypothalamus.
        
24. During the first three months of pregnancy, the mother’s blood shows
    1. low levels of estrogen and progesterone.
    2. high levels of estrogen and progesterone due to increased gonadotropin releasing hormone in the mother.
    3. high levels of estrogen and progesterone levels due to the effects of chorionic gonadotropin.
    4. high levels of estrogen and progesterone levels due to release from the endometrium.
    5. high levels of estrogen and progesterone levels due to release from the placenta.
        
25. Parturition results from strong contractions by the
    1. oviducts.
    2. uterus.
    3. cervix.
    4. vagina.
    5. mother’s hand crushing the father’s so he can appreciate the pain she’s in.
        
26. The production of milk is promoted by
    1. estrogen.
    2. progesterone.
    3. gonadotropin releasing hormone.
    4. oxytocin.
    5. prolactin.
        

Short answer:Write a concise answer to each of the following questions.  Your answers should fit in the spaces provided.  Each question is worth 4 points.

27. If the release of secretin by the small intestine was blocked, what would be the effects on the contents of the intestine, and why?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
28. Describe the workings of the loop of Henle.  You can use a diagram to supplement your explanation, but be sure to include a written explanation of what is occurring.  You do not need to show or describe other regions of the nephron.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
29. Discuss the regulatory system involving antidiuretic hormone.  Describe the factors that control ADH release, where it comes from, and what its effects are.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
30. In the lectures on blood pressure regulation, what were the two equations that described how blood pressure could be controlled over the short-term and the long-term?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
31. During ascent to high altitude, the respiratory response in humans can include hyperventilation.  If this hyperventilation were chronic (i.e. long lasting), what might you expect the renal response to be?  Why?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
32. Describe the uterine aspect of the female reproductive cycle.  What happens to the uterus, when does it happen, and what hormones are triggering these events?