Midterm 3

Multiple choice: As always, choose the best answer for each multiple-choice question.  Answer on your scantron form.  Each question (except 1) is worth 3 points.

1. Fill in your scantron form as follows:  (1 point)
   • Write and bubble in your social security number in the lower left.
   • If you wish to retrieve your exam score through the course web site, write and bubble in a secret code (i.e. a password) in the “Special Codes” section.  Be sure you remember it!
   • Write in your name in the upper left (last name first).  (No bubbling required)
   • Sign your form in the upper right.
      
   1. This time I really did everything exactly as indicated.
   2.  – e.  Those directions are too complicated, so I’ll just skip the point thanks.
       
2. Which of the following is a different type of compound than the others?
   1. Starch
   2. Glucose
   3. Cellulose
   4. Disaccharides
   5. Peptides
       
3. Enzymes are involved in which of the following processes?
   1. Mastication
   2. Digestion
   3. Excretion
   4. Absorption
   5. Secretion
       
4. The movement of nutrients out of the gut and into the blood is
   1. mastication.
   2. digestion.
   3. secretion.
   4. absorption.
   5. water recovery.
       
5. Saliva is involved in
   1. the physical breakup of foods.
   2. the digestion of foods.
   3. the lubrication of food particles.
   4. Two of the above.
   5. All of the above.
       
6. The parietal cells of the stomach release
   1. hydrochloric acid
   2. pepsin
   3. pepsinogen
   4. mucus
   5. More than one of the above.
       
7. Which of the following is not a response to secretin release?
   1. Decreased rate of stomach emptying.
   2. Decreased release of HCl in the stomach.
   3. Increased release of bicarbonate from the pancreas.
   4. Increased release of bicarbonate from the liver.
   5. Increased release of bile salts from the liver.
       
8. Which of the following is not true concerning the pancreas?
   1. It functions as an exocrine gland.
   2. It functions as an endocrine gland.
   3. It responds to gastrin release.
   4. It responds to secretin release.
   5. It responds to cholecystokinin release.
       
9. The absorption of glucose in the small intestine involves
   1. cotransport of glucose with sodium ions.
   2. the lymph system.
   3. the breakdown of glucose into glycogen.
   4. the action of bile salts.
   5. the activity of gut bacteria.
       
10. The primary reason fats in consumed foods must be converted into fatty acids is to allow them
    1. to move along the lumen of the gut.
    2. to be emulsified by bile salts.
    3. to diffuse through the apical membrane of the gut epithelium.
    4. to be packaged into chylomicrons.
    5. to be transported in the blood.
        
11. The main function of the large intestine is
    1. digestion.
    2. excretion.
    3. absorption.
    4. water recovery.
    5. secretion.
        
12. The urge to defecate results from
    1. an increase in cholecystokinin levels.
    2. an increase in secretin levels.
    3. the mass movement of material in the large intestine.
    4. the relaxation of the external anal sphincter.
    5. the creation of fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine.
        
13. Which class of absorbed foods does not pass directly through the hepatic portal system?
    1. Carbohydrates
    2. Proteins
    3. Fats
    4. Two of the above.
    5. All of the above.
        
14. Which of the following types of tissue cannot utilize fats as an energy source?
    1. Neural tissue
    2. Adipose tissue
    3. Liver
    4. Muscle
    5. All of these can use fat as an energy source.
        
15. A person who secreted excess insulin but was otherwise normal would most likely exhibit
    1. a more dilute urine than normal.
    2. a more concentrated urine than normal.
    3. higher than normal blood glucose levels.
    4. lower than normal blood glucose levels.
    5. None of the above.
        
16. Most nitrogenous waste in mammals exists in the form of
    1. nitrous oxide.
    2. ammonia.
    3. uric acid.
    4. urea.
    5. creatinine.
        
17. The movement of fluid out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron is driven by
    1. peristalsis.
    2. active transport.
    3. hydrostatic pressure.
    4. osmotic pressure.
    5. capillary “wicking.”
        
18. About what fraction of the water than enters the nephron is eventually reabsorbed?
    1. 10%
    2. 50%
    3. 90%
    4. 95%
    5. 99%
        
19. Which region of the nephron is always impermeable to water?
    1. Proximal tubule
    2. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
    3. Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle
    4. Collecting duct
    5. None of these regions is always impermeable to water.
        
20. The most important function of the loop of Henle is
    1. creation of a strong osmotic gradient in the medulla.
    2. creation of the glomerular filtrate.
    3. control of final urine concentration.
    4. reabsorption of a variety of substances from the urine.
    5. secretion of a variety of substances from the urine.
        
21. Angiotensin II helps maintain correct blood pressure by directly affecting
    1. sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
    2. sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule.
    3. collecting tubule permeability.
    4. vasoconstriction.
    5. cardiac output.
        
22. Which type of receptors are most directly involved with the regulation of blood pressure?
    1. Chemoreceptors
    2. Osmoreceptors
    3. Baroreceptors
    4. Proprioceptors
    5. Nociceptors
        
23. A decrease in blood pH due to the production of large amounts of lactic acid would be considered an example of
    1. respiratory acidosis.
    2. respiratory alkalosis.
    3. metabolic acidosis.
    4. metabolic alkalosis.
    5. None of the above.
        
24. The basal metabolic rate for a typical adult woman would be roughly
    1. 1.5 kcal/day
    2. 15 kcal/day
    3. 150 kcal/day
    4. 1500 kcal/day
    5. 15,000 kcal/day
        
25. Which of the following statements is true?  Relative to a cat, a mouse will have
    1. a lower metabolic rate and a lower mass-specific metabolic rate.
    2. a lower metabolic rate but a higher mass-specific metabolic rate.
    3. a higher metabolic rate and a higher mass-specific metabolic rate.
    4. a higher metabolic rate but a lower mass-specific metabolic rate.
    5. Mice are too small to have metabolic rates.
        
26. A disadvantage to anaerobic metabolism is that
    1. it requires oxygen.
    2. it requires protein as  a fuel source.
    3. it produces only 50% as much ATP as aerobic metabolism.
    4. it produces an acidic end product.
    5. it is impossible in mammals.
        
27. If a person increases her activity level until she reaches her maximal oxygen consumption
    1. it is impossible for her to increase her activity level further.
    2. any further increase in activity will be fueled by aerobic metabolism.
    3. any further increase in activity will not result in an increase in energy use.
    4. It is impossible to actually achieve maximal oxygen consumption.
    5. None of the above.

Short answer: Write a concise answer to each of the following questions.  Your answers should fit in the spaces provided.  Each question is worth three points.

28. List two stimuli and one effect of gastrin release.

    Stimuli:
     

    Effect:
     

29. For each tissue type below, list one response to high insulin levels.

    Liver:
     

    Adipose tissue (fat cells):
     

    Muscle:
     

30. A substance called “fifaceen” binds to the same receptors as the hormone known as ADH, preventing the ADH from binding to these receptors.  What effects would fifaceen be expected to have on urine formation?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
31. Using a flow chart or a list of events, describe the hormonal pathway involved in the release of aldosterone.  Be sure to indicate (when appropriate) what triggers the release of each compound in the pathway, and what each compound’s effects are.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
32. What are the two primary components of the intersitial fluid of the renal medulla?  (Note – compounds dissociated into two ions count as one component, not two.)
    
    
    
    
     
33. What would be the likely respiratory response to a long-term bout of vomiting?  Why?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     
34. Give an example of a buffering system in mammals, and briefly describe what a buffering system does.